Recipe Conversions
Article updated: February 2020
Cuisine Style: All styles
By Sean Overpeck (CFE)
**A full article and index glossary of restaurants, wines, recipes and travel for
Wine Dine and Play are in the pages section above, or by following these links:
Cooking And Converting
Metric or Imperial?
When I was younger I had no idea that different countries used different measurement systems, or what they meant as I grew up in the United States which uses the Imperial system of measurement. I did wonder why Europe and the rest of the world were different, not see us as being the different ones. I watched the movie Pulp Fiction by Quentin Tarantino starring Samuel L. Jackson and John Travolta and in one scene they were talking about visiting Europe and how Travolta went to McDonald's and ordered a ‘Royale with Cheese’ because the Europeans had no idea what a Quarter Pounder With Cheese was, since they used metric, and pounds is an Imperial measurement.
Later when I planned trips to Europe and other places around the world, while doing my planning I always remembered that scene in the movie. Then came the hard part, trying to learn how to convert temperature, weights, and everything else. When I worked in Iraq and Afghanistan a majority of workers were from India, and they had just as much trouble trying to read an American recipe as I had to try to understand the metric recipe system to train them. We had to put up-conversion charts like the ones listed below to help them out.
The following group of listings is a comprehensive breakdown to understand and read the typical recipe card measurements from American cookbooks. Most of the world uses metric; however, most of the cookbooks published from the United States use the Imperial system. The Imperial system is broken down by dry and liquid measurements just like the metric system, and the following conversions are an excellent source to use when you want to convert or understand the mass and volumes of an American written recipe.
Let's start with what is what:
Imperial Measurement: The system of Imperial units or the Imperial system (also known as British Imperial) is the system of units first defined in the British Weights and Measures Act of 1824. The system came into official use across the British Empire.
The United States Customary Measurement System: The US Customary System is based on the English systems of the 18th century, while the Imperial system was defined in 1824, after American independence. The US system has one set of units for fluids and another set for dry goods.
The U.S.A, Liberia, Burma, and the United Kingdom are the only countries out of the 195 on Earth that use the Imperial System. To me that makes them unique and shows that they want to be different and not conform, or be rebellious. God Bless Them LOL! These four countries for example use miles, yards, feet, and inches for road signs and physical measurement instead of metric countries that use kilograms, hectares, meters, and centimeters.
When the EU formed in 1993 they tried to force the UK to 'Metricate' their British-Imperial system and turn it into a more or full metric society like the rest of the EU countries. They partially succeeded by forcing fines, penalties, prison, and using courts outside of England to pass these laws against British citizens that refused to conform. As the Borg from Star Trek The Next Generation would say: ‘resistance is futile, you will be assimilated, and you will lose all your individuality.’
Now in the UK, when you buy fuel it is measured in ‘Litres’ but the people still refer to a driving distance in a car by the Imperial miles to the gallon (MPG). Official Government recordings for the weight of purchases must be in Kilograms but the people still use stone and pounds to weigh something. You can buy loose food in pounds and ounces as well as metric grams so you can see the confusion. Only road signs, draught beer, or milk can be measured in the British Imperial system of miles and pints, which the EU failed to get enforced. This metric system push and use of outside courts were one of many complaints in the UK which led to the vote and passing of Brexit which in 2019 will officially remove Great Britain from the European Union, and make them a sovereign individual country once again. The EU has also used the incredible wealth of the UK to support it, and with that loss, expect other countries to follow suit, and see an end to the Socialist experiment.
The USA is the only country that is completely Metric Free!
Metric: Is a decimal system of weights and measures, adopted first in France but now widespread, universally used in science, mandatory for use for all purposes in a large number of countries. The basic units are the gram (15.432 grains) for mass or weight. Derived units are the liter (0.908 US dry quarts, or 1.0567 US liquid quarts) for capacity, being the volume of 1000 grams of water under specified conditions. With the addition of basic physical units, it is now officially known by the French name Le Système International d'Unités (abbreviation SI) or in English as the International System of Units.
Kilo
|
means thousand (1000)
|
Hecto
|
means hundred (100)
|
Deca
|
means ten (10)
|
Deci
|
means one-tenth (1/10)
|
Centi
|
means one-hundredth (1/100)
|
Milli
|
means one-thousandth (1/1000)
|
Liquid and Dry Measurements in the Imperial System:
Now if you use Metric, and you are going to the united states, or you are going to work with an American company in a foreign country that uses Imperial measurement, then these are the items you will encounter.
Liquid measuring cups indicate that 1 cup = 8 ounces. But what they really mean is 1 cup of liquid = 8 fluid ounces. For dry measurements, the rules change. Because dry ingredients vary greatly in weight, you can’t rely on the same conversion. For example, 1 cup of all-purpose flour weighs 4.5 ounces, not 8 ounces. On the other hand, 1 cup of chocolate chips weighs a little over 6 ounces. The best way to make sure your recipe turns out right when using dry ingredients is to use a scale to weigh it, then using a measuring device if it calls for liquid.
From the smallest to the biggest:
Drop: Is defined as a small quantity of liquid that falls or is produced in a more or less spherical mass; a liquid globule. (A drop of rain)
Pinch: (pch) is a very small quantity, larger than a drop.
Dash: Is a small amount of an added ingredient larger than a pinch.
Teaspoon: (t or tsp) Is a household cooking measure equal to 1/3 tablespoon (several pinches or a few dashes)
Teaspoon: (t or tsp) Is a household cooking measure equal to 1/3 tablespoon (several pinches or a few dashes)
 |
| Converting A Recipe / Teaspoon |
Tablespoon: (T or tbs or tbsp) Is a household cooking measure equal to 3 teaspoons, or 1/2 fluid ounce.
Dry Ounce: (oz) Is a unit of weight in the US Customary System, equal to 2 tablespoons.
Fluid Ounce: (fl oz) Is a unit of volume or capacity, used in liquid measure, equal to (1.804 cubic inches).
Cup (liquid or Dry): (c) Is a container that is used to obtain fixed amounts of a substance, equal to 16 tablespoons or 8 fluid ounces.
Liquid measuring cups are usually made of glass or plastic. They allow you to pour a liquid into the cup and bring it even with a measurement line without spillage. A dry measuring cup, on the other hand, holds the exact amount of the ingredient and should be leveled off with a flat edge. The weight can vary greatly on how you pack the cup or the ingredient you use, or if any moisture from humidity got into the product. Remember that liquid and dry measurements hold the same volume, but vary drastically.
 |
| Converting A Recipe / Measuring Cup |
Pint: (pt or p) is a unit of volume, used in liquid measure, equal to 16 fluid ounces or 2 cups. So have a pint of ale after you read this article.
 |
| Converting A Recipe / Pint Glass |
Quart: (qt or q) is a unit of volume or capacity, used in liquid measure, equal to 2 pints, 4 cups, or 32 fluid ounces.
Gallon: (gal) This is a unit of volume, used in liquid measure, equal to 4 quarts, 8 pints, or 16 cups.
Peck: (pk) Is a unit of dry volume or capacity in the US Customary System equal to 8 dry quarts or 2 dry gallons. The peck is very rarely if ever used in American cookbooks, but used mainly by farmers. (This is also the Welsh origin of my last name.)
Bucket: Is a unit of dry volume equal to 2 pecks.
Bushel: (bsh or bu) is a unit of volume or, used in dry measure and is equal to 4 pecks, or 8 gallons. Bushel measurement is used by large industrial farmers.
Dry Barrel: (bbl) Defined as the length of stave 281⁄2 inches (72 cm), diameter with a capacity of (3.28 bushels) or 25 gallons.
Coomb: Is an old British imperial measurement very rarely used by anyone today, but in weight is equal to 4 Bushels or 32 gallons.
Keg: (k) If you went to college or have attended a party then you know the term keg, but what you may not know is that this is a small cask or barrel with a capacity of about 18 to 36 gallons or (165 Budweiser cans).
Keg: (k) If you went to college or have attended a party then you know the term keg, but what you may not know is that this is a small cask or barrel with a capacity of about 18 to 36 gallons or (165 Budweiser cans).
 |
| Converting A Recipe / Keg |
| Barrel or Keg | ||
| (wine) | 31 ½ gallons | 119.24 liters |
| (beer) | 36 gallons | 136.27 liters |
| (oil) | 42 gallons | 158.99 liters |
Other imperial Measurements that you will see on an American Recipe:
Bundle: (bdl) A group of objects held together, as by tying or wrapping. (equal to ½ cup of chopped greens or other vegetables).
Bunch: a number of things growing, fastened, or grouped together (equal to 1 ½ cups of chopped greens).
Dozen: (dz) This is a set of 12 (a dozen eggs).
Baker’s dozen: (bd) This is a group of 13; a dozen plus one.
Pounds: (lb, or #) Is a unit of weight in the imperial system equal to 2 dry cups or 16 ounces.
Stone: (st) Used in the British Imperial System as a unit of weight and seen in some recipes. It is equal to 14 pounds or 6.350 kilograms.
Ton: (t or tn) Is a unit of weight equal to 2,000 pounds (0.907 metric ton or). Also called net ton or a short ton.
Ton: (t or tn) Is a unit of weight equal to 2,000 pounds (0.907 metric ton or). Also called net ton or a short ton.
Measurements in the Metric System:
Now, if you use the Imperial system, and you're going to visit or work in a country outside the four that use Imperial, then these are the measurements that you will encounter and have to use. Like the Imperial system, they have a liquid (literes) and dry measurements (grams) as well.
 |
| Converting A Recipe / Measuring Cup |
From the smallest to the biggest:
Wet:
Milliliters: (ml) This is a metric unit of liquid volume equal to one-thousandth (1/1000) of a liter.
Liters: (l) is a metric unit of liquid volume equal to approximately 1000 (ml) or in the Imperial system, 1.056 liquid quarts, or 4 liquid cups.
Kiloliter: (kl) is a metric unit of liquid volume equal to 1,000 liters or in the Imperial System, it is roughly equal to 264 liquid gallons (1,056 liquid quarts).
Dry:
Milligram: (mg) Is a unit of dry mass or weight equal to one-one-thousandth (1/1000) of a gram.
Gram: (g) Is a unit of dry mass or weight equal to one-one-thousandth (1/1000) of a kilogram, or 1×10−3 kg.
Kilogram: (kg) Is the base unit of dry mass in the International System, equal to 1,000 grams. In the Imperial System, it is equal to 4 dry cups or 2.2 pounds of weight.
Now that you know the definitions of Imperial and Metric weights and volumes, open up your recipe book and go to work…
Ingredient Equivalent Charts:
Technically, liquid and dry measurements hold the same volume, but they are specially designed to more accurately measure their respective ingredients. 1 cup of liquid should weigh 8.345 ounces.
Imperial
| Measurement |
Metric
| Measurement |
| Liquid metric | Dry metric | ||
| A Drop | 1/76 of teaspoon (tsp) | 0.0649 milliliters | .06 dry grams (g) |
| A Pinch (pch) | ⅛ (.12) to ⅕ (.20) tsp | 1 milliliter (ml) | 1 dry gram (g) |
| A Dash | ½ (.50) of a teaspoon | 3 milliliters (ml) | 3 dry grams (g) |
| Teaspoons (tsp) | Liquid metric | Dry metric | |
| 1 teaspoon | ⅓ of a tablespoon (tbsp) | 5 ml (4.92 milliliters) | 5 dry grams (g) |
| 3 teaspoons | 1 tablespoon (tbsp) | 15 ml (14.78 ml) | 15 dry grams (g) |
| Tablespoons (tbsp) | Liquid metric | Dry metric | |
| ½ tablespoon | 1 ½ teaspoon | 8 milliliters (ml) | 8 dry grams (g) |
| 1 tablespoon | 3 Teaspoons | 15 ml (14.78 ml) | 15 dry grams (g) |
| 2 tablespoons | 6 tsp, 1 fl oz, or ⅛ cup | 30 milliliters (ml) | 30 dry grams (g) |
| 3 tablespoons | 9 tsp, 1½ fl oz, or ⅕cup | 44 milliters (ml) | 44 dry grams (g) |
| 4 tablespoons | ¼ cup or 2 fl oz | 59 milliliters (ml) | 59 dry grams (g) |
| 5 tablespoons + 1 tsp | 15 tsp, or 3 fl oz | 74 milliliters (ml) | 74 dry grams (g) |
| 6 tablespoons | 3 ½ fl oz, or ⅓ cup | 89 milliliters (ml) | 89 dry grams (g) |
| 7 tablespoons | 104 milliliters (ml) | 104 dry grams (g) | |
| 8 tablespoons | ½ cup, or 4 fl oz | 118 milliliters (ml) | 118 dry grams (g) |
| 10 tablespoons | ⅔ cup, or 5 fl oz | 148 milliliters (ml) | 148 dry grams (g) |
| 12-13 tablespoons | (¾ cup, or 6 fl oz) | 177 milliliters (ml) | 177 dry grams (g) |
| 16 tablespoons | 1 cup, 16 tbsp, or 8 fl oz | 237milliters (ml) | 237 dry grams (g) |
| 20 tablespoons | 1 ¼ cups, 10 fl oz | 296 milliliters (ml) | 296 dry grams (g) |
Imperial
| Measurement |
Metric Measurement
|
| Ounces (oz, or fl oz) | Liquid metric | |
| 1 fluid ounce | 2 tbsp, 6 tsp, or ⅛ of cup | 30 milliliters (29.57 ml) |
| 2 fluid ounces | 5 ½ tbsp, or ⅓ cup | 89 milliliters (ml) |
| 3 fluid ounces | 7 tablespoons | 104 milliters (ml) |
| 4 fluid ounces | 8 tbsp, or ½ cup | 118 milliters (ml) |
| 5 fluid ounces | 10 tbsp, or ⅔ cup | 148 milliters (ml) |
| 6 fluid ounces | 13 tbsp, or ¾ cup | 177milliters (ml) |
| 7 fluid ounces | 207 milliliters (ml) | |
| 8 fluid ounces | 16 tbsp, or 1 cup | 237 milliliters (ml) |
| 9 fluid ounces | 1 c + 2 tbsp | 266 milliliters (ml) |
| 10 fluid ounces | 1 c + 4 tbsp | 296 milliliters (ml) |
| 12 fluid ounces | 1 ½ cups | 355 milliliters (ml) |
| 14 fluid ounces | 1 ¾ cups | 414 milliliters (ml) |
| 16 fluid ounces | 2 c, or 1 pt | 473 milliliters (ml) or ½ liter |
| Cups (c) | Liquid metric | |
| ⅛ cup | 2 tbsp, or 6 tsp | 30 milliters (29.57 ml) |
| ¼ cup | 4 tbsp, or 2 fl oz | 59 milliters (ml) |
| ⅓ cup | 5 tbsp + 1 tsp, or 3 fl oz | 89 milliters (ml) |
| ½ cup | 8 tbsp, or 4 fl oz | 118 milliters (ml) |
| 1 cup | 16 tbsp, ½ pt, or 8 fl oz | 237 milliters (ml) |
| 2 cups | [2.11] – (1 pt) | 473 milliters (ml), or ½ liter |
| 3 cups | 1 ½ pt | 591 milliters (ml) |
| 3 ½ cups | 1 bottle of wine from Silver Oak Cellars | 750 milliters (ml) |
| 4 cups | [4.22],1 qt, or 2 pt) | 1000 milliters (ml), or 1 Liter (l) |
| 6 cups | 1 ½ qt, or 3 pt | 1 ½ liters (l) |
| 8 cups | [8.45], 2 qt, or 4 pt | 2 liters (l), or (2000 ml) |
| 12 cups | [12.68], 3 qt, or 6 pt | 3 liters (l) or (3000 ml) |
| 16 cups | 1 gal, 4 qt, or 8 pt | 4 liters (l) |
| 20 cups | 5 qt, or 10 pt | 5 liters (l) |
| 36 cups | 2 gal, 8 qt, or 16 pt | 8 liters (l) |
Dry Cup Measurements:
Imperial
| Measurement |
Metric Measurement
|
| Cups (c) | Dry metric | |
| 1 cup | 16 tbsp, or 8 oz | 237 grams (g) |
| 2 cups | 1 lb #, or 16 oz | 0.45 kilograms (kg), or 473 grams (g) |
| 4 cups | 1 qt, or 2.2 lb | 1(kg), or 1000 grams (g) |
| 6 cups | 3 lb #, or 1 ½ qt | 1 ½ kilogram (kg) |
| 8 cups | 2 qt, or 4 lb | 2 kilograms (kg) |
| 10 cups | 5 lb, or 2 ½ qt | 2 ½ kilograms (kg) |
| 12 cups | 3 qt, or 6 lb | 3 kilograms (kg) |
| 14 cups | 7 lb #, or 3 ½ qt | 3 ½ kilograms (kg) |
| 16 cups | 4 qt, or 8 lb | 4 kilograms (kg) |
Imperial
| Measurement |
Metric Measurement
|
| Pints: (pt) | Liquid metric | |
| 1 pint | 2 c, or ½ qt | ½ liquid liter (l), or 500 ml |
| 2 pints | 4 c, or 1 qt | 1 liter (l), or 1000 ml |
| 3 pints | 6 c, or 1 ½ qt | 1 ½ liters (l) |
| 4 pints | 8 c, or 2 qt | 2 liters (l) |
| 8 pints | 16 c, 4 qt, or 1 gal | 4 liters (l) |
| Quarts (q, or qt) | Liquid metric | |
| 1 quart | 4 c, or 2 pt | 1 liter (l) [0.946 liters] |
| 2 quarts | 8 c, or 4 pt | 2 liter (l) |
| 3 quarts | 12 c, or 6 pt | 3 liters (l) |
| 4 quarts | 16 c, 8 pt., or 1 gal | 4 liters (l) [3.785 liters] |
| 8 quarts | 16 pt, or 2 gal | 8 liters (l) |
| 16 quarts | 4 gal | 16 liters (l) |
| Gallons (gal) and more | Liquid metric | |
| 1 gallon | 16 c, or 8 pt | 4 liters (l) [3.785 liters] |
| 2 gallons | 32 c, or 16 pt | 8 liters (l) |
| 4 gallons | 16 qt | 16 liters (l) |
| 7.75 Gallons | 1 pony keg | 29.33 liters (l) |
| 16 gallons | (Average industrial stockpot) | 84 liters (l) |
| 36 gallons | 1 keg | 136 liters (l.) |
Dry Measurements:
Imperial
| Measurement |
Metric Measurement
|
| Pounds (lb) | Dry metric | |
| 1 pound # | 2 cups, or ½ qt | ½ kilogram (.45kg), or (453.592 grams) |
| 2 pounds # | 4 cups, or 1 qt | 1 kilogram (.90kg) |
| 3 pounds # | 6 cups, or 1 ½ qt | 1 ¼ - 1 ½ kilograms (1.36kg) |
| 4 pounds # | 8 cups, or 2 qt | 1 ¾ kilogram (1.81kg) |
| 5 pounds # | 10 cups | 2 ¼ kilograms (2.27kg) |
| 6 pounds # | 12 cups, or 3 qt | 2 ¾ - 3 kilograms (2.72kg) |
| 8 pounds # | 16 cups, 4 qt, or 1 gal | 3 ½ - 4 kilograms (3.63kg) |
| 10 pounds # | 1 bag of flour, or 5 qt | 4 ½ kilograms (4.54kg) |
| 48-50 pounds # | 1 peck | 23 kilograms |
| 60-64 pounds # | 1 bushel | 27-28 kilograms |
| 100 pounds # | 45 kilograms | |
| 8 quarts, dry | 1 peck | 23 kilograms |
| 4 pecks | 1 bushel, or 32 dry qt | 27-28 kilograms |
| 1 Ton (tn) | 1000 lbs # | 907.18 kilograms |
| Other conversions | Dry metric | |
| 1 Bundle (bdl) Leafy Greens | ⅓ cup to ½ cups | 118 grams (chopped or diced) |
| 1 Bunch vegetables | 2 oz or 1 ½ cups | 355 grams (chopped or diced) |
| 1 Peck (pk) | 2 gal, 20 lb #, or 8 qt | 9.09 kilograms (kg) |
| 1 bucket (bk) | 2 pk, 40 lb #, or 4 gal | 18 kilograms (kg) |
| 1 bushel (bu or bsh) | 4 pk 79 lb #, or 8 gal | 36 kilograms (kg) |
| 12 Units eggs | 1 Dozen (dz) | 1 Dozen (dz) in metric as well |
| 13 Units eggs | A Baker’s dozen (bd) | A Baker’s dozen |
Temperatures:
Let us take an average educated American who has never traveled outside the United States and they decide to take a trip to Central Asia for example. In the USA, the temperature is around 75°F, which to us is a nice spring day. But as they watch the weather channel on TV, it says that the high all next week in India is going to be 38°C. Well, to an American who has used the Imperial system all of their lives and has no idea what metric is, or how to convert it properly, they may get confused and think that it is cold in India, and they need to pack for winter conditions. So they are wearing sweaters and jackets, plus have their thermals in the suitcase. Then they land and discover that it is hot as hell outside. “That stupid weather channel said it was going to be 38°.” It is not 38°f, but 104.4°F. Without proper research, you would be surprised at how many people can make that mistake. The same mistake can be made by a person from Asia who sees the temperature in the United States as being 31° and they think that it is hot, and they arrive to see snow on the ground because it is below freezing. Another example is a person reading a European recipe online and they are from an Imperial measurement country and the recipe says to cook the apple pie at 177°C (350°F). We think that it will never get done at 177°, not realizing that it is written in Celsius.
Fahrenheit: Fahrenheit (symbol °F) is a temperature scale based on one proposed in 1724 by the physicist Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit (1686–1736), after whom the scale is named. Within this scale, the freezing of water into ice is defined at 32 degrees, while the boiling point of water is defined to be 212 degrees. Fahrenheit is primarily used in imperial measurement countries such as the United States.
To officially convert to Fahrenheit use the following formula of the Celsius temperature multiplied by nine, then divide that number by five, and to finish add thirty-two to get the Fahrenheit temperature:
°C x 9/5 + 32 = °F
Or take the Celsius temperature and multiply it by 1.8 and then add thirty-two to get the Fahrenheit temperature:
°F = (°C × 1.8) + 32
Sample: Convert 37°C to Fahrenheit:
37°C x (multiplied by) 9 =
|
333
|
333 / (divided by) 5 =
|
66.6
|
+ (Plus) 32 = (equals)
|
98.6°F
|
OR
37°C x 9/5
|
+ 32 = 98.6°F
|
Celsius: also known as centigrade, is a scale and unit of measurement for temperature. It was named after the Swedish astronomer Anders Celsius (1701–1744), who developed a similar temperature scale. The degree Celsius (symbol°C) can refer to a specific temperature on the Celsius scale as well as a unit to indicate a temperature interval, a difference between two temperatures or uncertainty. It is primarily used in all countries that use the metric system of measurement.
To officially convert to Celsius use the following formula of the Fahrenheit temperature minus thirty-two multiplied by five, and then divide that number by nine to get the Celsius temperature:
(°F - 32) x 5/9 = °C
Or take the Fahrenheit temperature minus thirty-two then divide that number by 1.8 to get the correct Celsius temperature:
°C = (°F - 32) ÷ 1.8
Sample: Convert 98.6°F to Celsius:
98.6°F - (minus) 32 =
|
66.6
|
66.6 x (Multiply by) 5 =
|
333
|
/ (divided by) 9 = (equals)
|
37°C
|
OR
(98.6°F - 32) x 5/9
|
= 37°C
|
Oven Temperatures:
| Imperial Measurement |
Metric Measurement
|
| Fahrenheit | Celsius, or Centigrade |
| 32°F Temperature that water freezes | 0°C |
| 40°F Military TB-MED 530 standard for holding cold items Chilled Temperature to store White Wine before serving | 4½°C |
| 41°F ServSafe standard for holding cold items | 5°C |
| 52°F Ideal temperature for storing and aging red or white wine | 11°C |
| 70°F | 21°C |
| 135°F Hot holding temperature for foods plus the cooking temperature for vegetables and fish / 125-135 = Temperature for rare cooked steaks | 57°C |
| 140°F Military TB-MED 530 standard for holding hot items / Temperature for medium-rare to medium cooked steaks | 60°C |
| 145°F Cooking temperature for beef roasts / Temperature for medium to medium well-cooked steaks | 63°C |
| 155°F Cooking temperature for pork roasts and ground meats / Temperature for medium-well to well-cooked steaks | 68°C |
| 165°F Cooking temperature for poultry, and for reheating leftover meats / Temperature for well done cooked steaks | 74°C |
| 200°F | 93°C |
| 212°F boiling point of water | 100°C |
| 250°F | 121°C |
| 300°F | 149°C |
| 325°F | 163°C |
| 350°F (average baking temperature) | 177°C |
| 375°F | 191°C |
| 400°F | 204°C |
| 425°F | 218°C |
| 500°F | 260°C |
The Kelvin temperature scale is a temperature base used in Chemistry that includes ‘absolute zero’ below which temperatures do not exist. Absolute zero, or 0°K, is the temperature at which molecular energy is at a minimum, and it corresponds to a temperature of −273.15°on the Celsius temperature scale. 0°C or 32°F corresponds to 273.15°K, and the boiling point of water (100°C, or 212°F) is measured at 373.15°K. The temperature scale is named after the British mathematician and physicist William Thomson Kelvin, who proposed it in 1848. Another absolute temperature scale used mainly by engineers is the Rankine temperature scale, which the Scottish engineer and physicist William John Macquorn Rankine, proposed in 1859. (0°Ra) corresponds to a temperature of −459.67°C. Because the Rankine degree is the same size as the Fahrenheit degree, the freezing point of water (32°F) and the boiling point of water (212°F) correspond to 491.67°Ra and 671.67°Ra.
Other measurements and conversions
The Average USA Car gets:
16 Gallons of gasoline to a tank 84 ‘Litres’ (LT) of Gasoline
Distance:
2 ½ acres (above average backyard) 1 hectare
1 square mile (mi²) 2.59 kilometers (259 hectares)
When You Know
|
Multiply By
|
To Find
|
inches
|
25.4
|
millimeters
|
2.54
|
centimeters
| |
feet
|
30.48
|
centimeters
|
yards
|
0.91
|
meters
|
miles
|
1.61
|
kilometers
|
teaspoons
|
4.93
|
milliliters
|
tablespoons
|
14.79
|
milliliters
|
fluid ounces
|
29.57
|
milliliters
|
cups
|
0.24
|
liters
|
pints (liquid)
|
0.47
|
liters (liquid)
|
quarts (liquid)
|
0.95
|
liters (liquid)
|
gallons
|
3.79
|
liters
|
cubic feet
|
0.028
|
cubic meters
|
cubic yards
|
0.76
|
cubic meters
|
ounces
|
28.35
|
grams
|
pounds
|
0.45
|
kilograms
|
square inches
|
6.45
|
square centimeters
|
square feet
|
0.09
|
square meters
|
square yards
|
0.84
|
square meters
|
square miles
|
2.60
|
square kilometers
|
From Metric to U.S. Customary Units
When You Know
|
Multiply By
|
To Find
|
millimeters
|
0.04
|
inches
|
centimeters
|
0.39
|
inches
|
meters
|
3.28
|
feet
|
1.09
|
yards
| |
kilometers
|
0.62
|
miles
|
milliliters
|
0.20
|
teaspoons
|
0.06
|
tablespoons
| |
0.03
|
fluid ounces
| |
liters (liquid)
|
1.06
|
quarts (liquid)
|
0.26
|
gallons
| |
4.23
|
cups
| |
2.12
|
pints (liquid)
| |
cubic meters
|
35.32
|
cubic feet
|
1.35
|
cubic yards
| |
grams
|
0.035
|
ounces
|
kilograms
|
2.21
|
pounds
|
metric ton (1,000 kg)
|
1.10
|
short ton
|
square centimeters
|
0.16
|
square inches
|
square meters
|
1.20
|
square yards
|
square kilometers
|
0.39
|
square miles
|
hectares
|
2.47
|
acres
|
U.S. Customary System: Volume or Capacity (Liquid Measure)
Unit
|
Relation to Other U.S. Customary Units
|
Metric Equivalent
|
ounce
|
1/16 pint
|
29.574 milliliters
|
gill
|
4 ounces
|
0.1183 liter
|
pint
|
16 ounces
|
0.4732 liter
|
quart
|
2 pints or 1/4 gallon
|
0.9463 liter
|
gallon
|
128 ounces or 8 pints
|
3.7853 liters
|
barrel
| ||
(wine)
|
31 1/2 gallons
|
119.24 liters
|
(beer)
|
36 gallons
|
136.27 liters
|
(oil)
|
42 gallons
|
158.99 liters
|
U.S. Customary System: Volume or Capacity (Dry Measure)
Unit
|
Relation to Other U.S. Customary Units
|
Metric Equivalent
|
pint
|
1/2 quart
|
0.5506 liter
|
quart
|
2 pints
|
1.1012 liters
|
peck
|
8 quarts or 1/4 bushel
|
8.8098 liters
|
bucket
|
2 pecks
|
17.620 liters
|
bushel
|
2 buckets or 4 pecks
|
35.239 liters
|
U.S. Customary System: Weight
Unit
|
Relation to Other U.S. Customary Units
|
Metric Equivalent
|
grain
|
1/7000 pound
|
64.799 milligrams
|
dram
|
1/16 ounce
|
1.7718 grams
|
ounce
|
16 drams
|
28.350 grams
|
pound
|
16 ounces
|
453.6 grams
|
ton (short)
|
2,000 pounds
|
907.18 kilograms
|
ton (long)
|
2,240 pounds
|
1,016.0 kilograms
|
British Imperial System: Volume or Capacity (Liquid Measure)
Unit
|
Relation to Other British Imperial Units
|
Conversion to U.S. Customary Units
|
Conversion to Metric Units
|
pint
|
1/2 quart
|
1.201 pints
|
0.5683 liter
|
quart
|
2 pints or 1/4 gallon
|
1.201 quarts
|
1.137 liters
|
gallon
|
8 pints or 4 quarts
|
1.201 gallons
|
4.546 liters
|
British Imperial System: Volume or Capacity (Dry Measure)
Unit
|
Relation to Other British Imperial Units
|
Conversion to U.S. Customary Units
|
Conversion to Metric Units
|
peck
|
1/4 bushel
|
1.0320 pecks
|
9.092 liters
|
bushel
|
4 pecks
|
1.0320 bushels
|
36.369 liters
|
I hope these conversion charts were helpful in understanding how to read recipe cards and make your product.
This glossary grouping is a combination of articles without any style of cuisine affiliation and also covers multiple areas of interest from recipes with no country affiliation, dictionaries, restaurant lists, and other foods.
2018 World’s Best Restaurants The San Pellegrino’s list of the top 50 is reviewed
Beef Recall Rancho Feeding Corp. Recall from February 2014
Chicken Stock Basic chicken stock recipe with a small twist
Codes on Fruit An article on the grocery store FFV codes and what they mean
Converting a recipe card from Imperial to Metric Cooking conversions made easy
Dragon-Con 2008 Yearly science fiction convention at the Hyatt, Hilton and other Hotels, Atlanta Georgia
Food Code Violations at Mara-a-Lago West Palm Beach, Florida
LTI Top London Restaurants A luxury travel listing of their best-rated restaurants
Netflix Movie Codes search for your favorites
Pretty in Pink - Carbon Monoxide in Meat Why is meat so red? What are you really eating?
Row 11 Red Wine Demi-Glace Classic French mother sauce prepared with a California Pinot Noir
The Complete A to Z Food and Beverage Grand Dictionary If you're looking for it, you found it
Tipping in Restaurants Etiquette, customs, cultures, and assumptions
United States Marine Corps Birthday 2013 at the US Consulate in Herat, Afghanistan
What is a Restaurant Review? Dig back into the history of what restaurant awards and reviews are about
Wine Dine And Play’s Top 100 Best Restaurants A list focused on travels and the best dining experiences around the world.
“Culinary perfection consists not in doing extraordinary things,
But in doing ordinary things extraordinarily well.”
-Angelique Arnauld (1591-1661)
Who is John Galt?
TTFN
